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2019/day05/problem

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+Advent of Code
+
+--- Day 5: Sunny with a Chance of Asteroids ---
+
+   You're starting to sweat as the ship makes its way toward Mercury. The Elves
+   suggest that you get the air conditioner working by upgrading your ship
+   computer to support the Thermal Environment Supervision Terminal.
+
+   The Thermal Environment Supervision Terminal (TEST) starts by running a
+   diagnostic program (your puzzle input). The TEST diagnostic program will run
+   on your existing Intcode computer after a few modifications:
+
+   First, you'll need to add two new instructions:
+
+     • Opcode 3 takes a single integer as input and saves it to the position
+     given by its only parameter. For example, the instruction 3,50 would take
+     an input value and store it at address 50. • Opcode 4 outputs the value of
+     its only parameter. For example, the instruction 4,50 would output the
+     value at address 50.
+
+   Programs that use these instructions will come with documentation that
+   explains what should be connected to the input and output. The program
+   3,0,4,0,99 outputs whatever it gets as input, then halts.
+
+   Second, you'll need to add support for parameter modes:
+
+   Each parameter of an instruction is handled based on its parameter mode.
+   Right now, your ship computer already understands parameter mode 0, position
+   mode, which causes the parameter to be interpreted as a position - if the
+   parameter is 50, its value is the value stored at address 50 in memory.
+   Until now, all parameters have been in position mode.
+
+   Now, your ship computer will also need to handle parameters in mode 1,
+   immediate mode. In immediate mode, a parameter is interpreted as a value -
+   if the parameter is 50, its value is simply 50.
+
+   Parameter modes are stored in the same value as the instruction's opcode.
+   The opcode is a two-digit number based only on the ones and tens digit of
+   the value, that is, the opcode is the rightmost two digits of the first
+   value in an instruction. Parameter modes are single digits, one per
+   parameter, read right-to-left from the opcode: the first parameter's mode is
+   in the hundreds digit, the second parameter's mode is in the thousands
+   digit, the third parameter's mode is in the ten-thousands digit, and so on.
+   Any missing modes are 0.
+
+   For example, consider the program 1002,4,3,4,33.
+
+   The first instruction, 1002,4,3,4, is a multiply instruction - the rightmost
+   two digits of the first value, 02, indicate opcode 2, multiplication. Then,
+   going right to left, the parameter modes are 0 (hundreds digit), 1
+   (thousands digit), and 0 (ten-thousands digit, not present and therefore
+   zero):
+
+ ABCDE 1002
+
+ DE - two-digit opcode,      02 == opcode 2 C - mode of 1st parameter,  0 ==
+ position mode B - mode of 2nd parameter,  1 == immediate mode A - mode of 3rd
+ parameter,  0 == position mode, omitted due to being a leading zero
+
+   This instruction multiplies its first two parameters. The first parameter, 4
+   in position mode, works like it did before - its value is the value stored
+   at address 4 (33). The second parameter, 3 in immediate mode, simply has
+   value 3. The result of this operation, 33 * 3 = 99, is written according to
+   the third parameter, 4 in position mode, which also works like it did before
+   - 99 is written to address 4.
+
+   Parameters that an instruction writes to will never be in immediate mode.
+
+   Finally, some notes:
+
+     • It is important to remember that the instruction pointer should increase
+     by the number of values in the instruction after the instruction finishes.
+     Because of the new instructions, this amount is no longer always 4.
+     • Integers can be negative: 1101,100,-1,4,0 is a valid program (find 100 +
+     -1, store the result in position 4).
+
+   The TEST diagnostic program will start by requesting from the user the ID of
+   the system to test by running an input instruction - provide it 1, the ID
+   for the ship's air conditioner unit.
+
+   It will then perform a series of diagnostic tests confirming that various
+   parts of the Intcode computer, like parameter modes, function correctly. For
+   each test, it will run an output instruction indicating how far the result
+   of the test was from the expected value, where 0 means the test was
+   successful. Non-zero outputs mean that a function is not working correctly;
+   check the instructions that were run before the output instruction to see
+   which one failed.
+
+   Finally, the program will output a diagnostic code and immediately halt.
+   This final output isn't an error; an output followed immediately by a halt
+   means the program finished. If all outputs were zero except the diagnostic
+   code, the diagnostic program ran successfully.
+
+   After providing 1 to the only input instruction and passing all the tests,
+   what diagnostic code does the program produce?
+
+   Your puzzle answer was 16489636.
+
+--- Part Two ---
+
+   The air conditioner comes online! Its cold air feels good for a while, but
+   then the TEST alarms start to go off. Since the air conditioner can't vent
+   its heat anywhere but back into the spacecraft, it's actually making the air
+   inside the ship warmer.
+
+   Instead, you'll need to use the TEST to extend the thermal radiators.
+   Fortunately, the diagnostic program (your puzzle input) is already equipped
+   for this. Unfortunately, your Intcode computer is not.
+
+   Your computer is only missing a few opcodes:
+
+     • Opcode 5 is jump-if-true: if the first parameter is non-zero, it sets
+     the instruction pointer to the value from the second parameter. Otherwise,
+     it does nothing. • Opcode 6 is jump-if-false: if the first parameter is
+     zero, it sets the instruction pointer to the value from the second
+     parameter. Otherwise, it does nothing. • Opcode 7 is less than: if the
+     first parameter is less than the second parameter, it stores 1 in the
+     position given by the third parameter. Otherwise, it stores 0. • Opcode 8
+     is equals: if the first parameter is equal to the second parameter, it
+     stores 1 in the position given by the third parameter. Otherwise, it
+     stores 0.
+
+   Like all instructions, these instructions need to support parameter modes as
+   described above.
+
+   Normally, after an instruction is finished, the instruction pointer
+   increases by the number of values in that instruction. However, if the
+   instruction modifies the instruction pointer, that value is used and the
+   instruction pointer is not automatically increased.
+
+   For example, here are several programs that take one input, compare it to
+   the value 8, and then produce one output:
+
+     • 3,9,8,9,10,9,4,9,99,-1,8 - Using position mode, consider whether the
+     input is equal to 8; output 1 (if it is) or 0 (if it is not).
+     • 3,9,7,9,10,9,4,9,99,-1,8 - Using position mode, consider whether the
+     input is less than 8; output 1 (if it is) or 0 (if it is not).
+     • 3,3,1108,-1,8,3,4,3,99 - Using immediate mode, consider whether the
+     input is equal to 8; output 1 (if it is) or 0 (if it is not).
+     • 3,3,1107,-1,8,3,4,3,99 - Using immediate mode, consider whether the
+     input is less than 8; output 1 (if it is) or 0 (if it is not).
+
+   Here are some jump tests that take an input, then output 0 if the input was
+   zero or 1 if the input was non-zero:
+
+     • 3,12,6,12,15,1,13,14,13,4,13,99,-1,0,1,9 (using position mode)
+     • 3,3,1105,-1,9,1101,0,0,12,4,12,99,1 (using immediate mode)
+
+   Here's a larger example:
+
+ 3,21,1008,21,8,20,1005,20,22,107,8,21,20,1006,20,31,
+ 1106,0,36,98,0,0,1002,21,125,20,4,20,1105,1,46,104,
+ 999,1105,1,46,1101,1000,1,20,4,20,1105,1,46,98,99
+
+   The above example program uses an input instruction to ask for a single
+   number. The program will then output 999 if the input value is below 8,
+   output 1000 if the input value is equal to 8, or output 1001 if the input
+   value is greater than 8.
+
+   This time, when the TEST diagnostic program runs its input instruction to
+   get the ID of the system to test, provide it 5, the ID for the ship's
+   thermal radiator controller. This diagnostic test suite only outputs one
+   number, the diagnostic code.
+
+   What is the diagnostic code for system ID 5?
+
+   Your puzzle answer was 9386583.
+
+   Both parts of this puzzle are complete! They provide two gold stars: **
+
+   At this point, you should return to your Advent calendar and try another
+   puzzle.
+
+   If you still want to see it, you can get your puzzle input.
+
+References
+
+   Visible links . https://adventofcode.com/ .
+   https://adventofcode.com/2019/about . https://adventofcode.com/2019/events .
+   https://adventofcode.com/2019/settings .
+   https://adventofcode.com/2019/auth/logout . Advent of Code Supporter
+   https://adventofcode.com/2019/support . https://adventofcode.com/2019 .
+   https://adventofcode.com/2019 . https://adventofcode.com/2019/support .
+   https://adventofcode.com/2019/sponsors .
+   https://adventofcode.com/2019/leaderboard .
+   https://adventofcode.com/2019/stats . https://adventofcode.com/2019/sponsors
+   https://adventofcode.com/2019/day/2 .
+   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecraft_thermal_control .
+   https://adventofcode.com/2019 . https://adventofcode.com/2019/day/5/input .